Tóm tắt tài liệu: Đề thi khảo sát đánh giá chất lượng giáo dục môn Tiếng Anh lớp 12 THPT, GDTX lần thứ 2 năm học 2025 - 2026 do Sở Giáo dục và Đào tạo Ninh Bình tổ chức. Tài liệu bao gồm 40 câu hỏi trắc nghiệm bám sát cấu trúc đề thi tốt nghiệp THPT mới, kèm bảng đáp án và lời giải chi tiết giúp học sinh tự củng cố kiến thức hiệu quả.
Nội dung đề thi
SỞ GIÁO DỤC VÀ ĐÀO TẠO NINH BÌNH - ĐỀ CHÍNH THỨC
ĐỀ KHẢO SÁT, ĐÁNH GIÁ CHẤT LƯỢNG GIÁO DỤC LỚP 12 THPT LẦN THỨ HAI - NĂM HỌC 2025-2026
MÔN THI: TIẾNG ANH - THPT, GDTX (Thời gian làm bài: 120 phút)
Read the following advertisement and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 1 to 6.
Discover the Magic of Iceland!
Looking for an unforgettable travel destination? Iceland offers stunning landscapes and exciting adventures. Visitors can explore colorful streets in Reykjavik, enjoy natural hot springs, and discover unique volcanic scenery.
In the capital city, travelers can find (1)____ interesting cafés, galleries, and museums to explore. Reykjavik is also famous for its lively cultural life and (2)____ architecture.
The Blue Lagoon, a geothermal spa (3)____ by volcanic activity, attracts tourists from around the world.
Visitors can enjoy (4)____ views of glaciers, waterfalls, and lava fields.
Iceland is a destination (5)____ nature and culture meet in perfect harmony. Every year, thousands of travelers (6)____ for Iceland to explore its magnificent natural wonders.
Come and discover the magic of Iceland and start your unforgettable journey today!
Question 1. A. little B. many C. much D. few
Question 2. A. stylishly B. style C. stylish D. stylist
Question 3. A. have formed B. formed C. to form D. forming
Question 4. A. bustling B. terrifying C. breathtaking D. confusing
Question 5. A. where B. which C. whose D. who
Question 6. A. take over B. break up C. bring about D. set off
Read the following leaflet and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 7 to 12.
Saving the Oceans
The oceans occupy over 70% of the Earth's surface and provide food for billions of people. (7)____ people once believed the oceans were an infinite resource, scientists now warn that human activity may seriously damage marine ecosystems.
Today the oceans face a vast (8)____ of environmental threats such as overfishing and pollution. Large fish like tuna, cod, and sharks are often caught (9)____ the open ocean before they reach maturity.
To protect marine resources, experts suggest several actions:
● Reduce demand in the (10).
● Prevent (11) fishing that destroys fish populations.
● Support conservation programs to ensure that oceans (12)____ valuable for future generations.
Question 7. A. Although B. Therefore C. Unless D. Because
Question 8. A. portion B. range C. series D. plenty
Question 9. A. on B. over C. in D. at
Question 10. A. global seafood market B. global market seafood C. seafood global market D. market seafood global
Question 11. A. dominant B. excessive C. profound D. temporary
Question 12. A. remain B. maintain C. sustain D. retain
Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best arrangement of utterances or sentences to make a meaningful exchange or text in each of the following questions from 13 to 17.
Question 13.
a. Kate: Well, it is. The mark on the collar has gone, but there's still a small one here!
b. Kate: Oh Mom, this dress is still dirty!
c. Mother: It can't be, Kate - I've just washed it.
A. a - c - b B. c - b - a C. b - c - a D. b - a - c
Question 14.
a. This is a serious problem because it misleads consumers who genuinely want to support eco-friendly choices.
b. To address this issue, governments need stricter regulations and consumers must stay critical of marketing strategies.
c. Greenwashing is when companies claim to be eco-friendly, yet their real-world practices tell a different story.
d. For example, they may use green packaging or vague slogans to make products seem sustainable, even though the production process is still polluting.
e. As a result, trust in businesses declines and real efforts to protect the environment become harder to recognize.
A. c - d - a - e - b B. c - b - a - d - e C. c - b - d - a - e D. c - a - e - d - b
Question 15.
Dear Sir/Madam,
a. In addition to her exceptional organizational abilities, Sarah has also demonstrated compassion and dedication by volunteering countless hours at the local shelter.
b. Please feel free to reach out to me at johny@gmail.com if you require any additional details or supporting information about Sarah’s accomplishments and character.
c. I am writing this letter to enthusiastically recommend Sarah Nguyen for the Community Leadership Award.
d. Over the past five years, I have had the privilege of working alongside her on various community projects.
e. Sarah’s ability to inspire others and lead by example makes her a standout candidate for this award.
Yours sincerely,
John
A. c - e - a - d - b B. c - d - e - a - b C. c - d - a - e - b D. c - a - d - e - b
Question 16.
a. Emma: Exactly, mass media is powerful, but it depends on how wisely we use it.
b. Jack: That’s true. People need to be careful and check reliable sources.
c. Jack: Definitely! Through TV, newspapers, and social media, we get news almost instantly.
d. Emma: Mass media plays such a huge role in our daily lives, don’t you think?
e. Emma: Yes, but sometimes the information spreads too fast and can be inaccurate.
A. e - b - d - c - a B. d - b - e - c - a C. d - c - e - b - a D. e - d - b - c - a
Question 17.
a. Green living is essential for protecting our planet, and one way to support it is by conserving natural habitats, which are increasingly threatened by urban expansion.
b. Ultimately, we educate children about the importance of maintaining habitats, hoping to create a generation that understands the value of sustainability.
c. By joining Habitat Earth, you can help protect nature, whether by volunteering or donating to our cause.
d. We also rescue animals displaced by urban growth, and volunteers work hard to reintroduce them to their natural environments.
e. At Habitat Earth, we focus on preventing the destruction of wildlife homes, and over the past decade, our campaigns have raised awareness about the damage caused by construction projects.
A. d - e - a - b - c B. e - a - d - b - c C. a - b - e - d - c D. a - e - d - b - c
Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 18 to 22.
The Right Jobs for Your Personality
Choosing a career is an important decision, (18). To help individuals identify suitable careers, scientists have developed personality tests, which are designed to help people come closer to finding their dream job. Psychologist John Holland, believing that people work best in environments that match their personalities, (19).
According to Holland’s theory, individuals may belong to several personality types, each of which is associated with particular preferences and skills.
Realistic people prefer practical tasks and often work with tools or machines, (20). Similarly, artists are creative people. They don’t work well with structure and rules; instead, they thrive in environments that allow communication and a free flow of ideas. Some people have social personalities and enjoy helping others through teaching or counseling. Others show enterprising personalities and prefer leading teams or persuading people. (21).
Such is the importance of understanding these personality types that individuals can make better career decisions. (22)____. When people develop skills that match their personalities, they are also more likely to achieve long-term satisfaction in their careers.
Question 18.
A. for friends and family can give advice to many people about their own abilities clearly
B. yet many people rely on advice from friends and family rather than on their own abilities
C. so people lack reliance on their own abilities and rely on advice from friends and family
D. and many people rely on advice from friends and family without relying on their own abilities
Question 19.
A. being created the Holland Code, one of the most widely-used tests
B. having created the Holland Code, one of the most widely-used tests
C. who created the Holland Code, one of the most widely-used tests
D. created one of the most widely-used tests called the Holland Code
Question 20.
A. as a result, complex problems are solved by investigative individuals
B. whereas investigative individuals enjoy solving complex problems
C. investigative individuals, therefore, enjoy solving complex problems
D. though complex problems are solved by investigative individuals
Question 21.
A. Such types of careers people choose hardly have any influence on personality differences
B. The types of careers often have influence on personality differences that people choose
C. These personality differences often influence the types of careers that people choose
D. It makes no difference to people's choices that are influenced by personality differences
Question 22.
A. By recognizing their strengths and interests, people can choose jobs that suit them better
B. Recognizing their strengths and interests, jobs can be chosen by people to suit them better
C. When choosing jobs that suit them better, people's strengths and interests are recognised
D. Having chosen jobs that suit them better, people's strengths and interests are recognised
Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 23 to 30.
TikTok is a popular app, released in 2016 and finding increased popularity over the past few years. Initially, the app typically attracted the Gen Z audience, most commonly used by those between 18 and 24. However, nowadays, most people using the Internet have had some interaction with TikTok.
Importantly, TikTok is more than just a platform for entertaining dance routines and lip-syncing videos. It has become a dynamic space where young people can not only express their creativity but also access and share valuable information. In fact, TikTok has become a news outlet and a source of information, marking a significant shift in how young people engage with content and use social media platforms. As a result, the importance of TikTok as a tool for spreading knowledge and raising awareness continues to grow, influencing global conversations on various topics.
There are many reasons why people are turning to TikTok as a source of news and information. For example, with a growing focus on health and wellness, TikTok has become a hub for fitness routines, mental health tips, and nutritional advice. Professionals in these fields utilise the platform to reach a broader audience, offering quick exercises, mindfulness techniques, and dietary insights. Moreover, TikTok's algorithm helps users discover content tailored to their interests, promoting a healthier lifestyle in a personalized and accessible way.
In addition, TikTok has proven to be a powerful tool for raising awareness about social and cultural issues. Hashtag challenges and trends are often used to spread messages related to activism, sustainability, and inclusivity. Furthermore, the platform's global reach allows users to gain insights into diverse perspectives, fostering a sense of empathy and understanding among the younger generation.
Question 23. The word popularity in paragraph 1 could be best replaced by____.
A. reputation B. possibility C. rejection D. quality
Question 24. Which of the following best paraphrases the underlined sentence in paragraph 1?
A. However, these days, TikTok is only popular among young people who use the Internet regularly.
B. However, at present, only professional content creators have access to TikTok on a regular basis.
C. However, at present, it is likely that anyone regularly using the Internet has directly used TikTok.
D. However, these days, the majority of Internet users have likely come across TikTok in some ways.
Question 25. The word It in paragraph 2 refers to____.
A. creativity B. TikTok C. content D. information
Question 26. The word spreading in paragraph 2 is OPPOSITE in meaning to____.
A. attaining B. limiting C. increasing D. expanding
Question 27. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a reason why professionals use TikTok in healthcare?
A. To share mindfulness techniques B. To reach a broader audience
C. To offer personal medical diagnoses D. To provide quick exercises
Question 28. Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?
A. TikTok is only popular because of its entertaining dance routines and lip-syncing videos.
B. TikTok limits users' ability to engage with global conversations and cultural perspectives.
C. TikTok contributes to promoting social causes such as activism, sustainability, and inclusivity.
D. TikTok is mainly used by older generations who prefer it to other social media platforms.
Question 29. In which paragraph does the writer mention TikTok's user-specific algorithm?
A. Paragraph 1 B. Paragraph 2 C. Paragraph 4 D. Paragraph 3
Question 30. In which paragraph does the writer explain how TikTok promotes understanding of social and cultural concerns?
A. Paragraph 2 B. Paragraph 1 C. Paragraph 3 D. Paragraph 4
Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 31 to 40.
The Significance of Green Buildings
Green buildings are designed to minimise environmental impact and enhance the well-being of occupants. These buildings incorporate sustainable materials, energy-efficient technologies, and water-saving features, making them more environmentally friendly than traditional buildings. Green building practices have gained attention as society increasingly recognises the importance of reducing greenhouse gas emissions, conserving resources, and promoting sustainable living. By adopting these practices, communities can contribute to a cleaner environment and a healthier future.
[I] One of the key benefits of green buildings is their energy efficiency. [II] Green buildings often use renewable energy sources, such as solar panels or wind turbines, to power their operations. [III] Additionally, energy-efficient lighting and HVAC systems help reduce electricity consumption. By cutting down on energy usage, green buildings reduce both costs and carbon footprints, making them more sustainable in the long run. [IV]
Water conservation is another focus of green buildings. These buildings are equipped with water-saving fixtures, such as low-flow faucets and dual-flush toilets, which reduce water consumption significantly. In some cases, green buildings also collect and reuse rainwater for non-potable purposes, such as irrigation and toilet flushing. This approach helps alleviate pressure on local water resources and reduces the environmental impact of water use.
Although green buildings offer many advantages, they are often more expensive to construct due to the cost of sustainable materials and advanced technology. However, the long-term savings on energy and water bills can offset these initial costs. In addition, green buildings tend to have higher property values and attract environmentally conscious tenants, which can be advantageous for property owners.
As more people become aware of the benefits of green buildings, demand for sustainable construction is expected to rise. Green buildings have the potential to transform the construction industry, reduce environmental impact, and create healthier, more sustainable communities. By embracing these practices, society can help pave the way toward a more sustainable and resilient future.
Question 31. The word incorporate in paragraph 1 could best be replaced by____.
A. attach B. enclose C. insert D. integrate
Question 32. Where in paragraph 2 does the following sentence best fit?
This practice also benefits the environment by reducing reliance on non-renewable resources.
A. [I] B. [III] C. [IV] D. [II]
Question 33. According to paragraph 3, which of the following is NOT a feature of green buildings aimed at conserving water?
A. dual-flush toilets B. rainwater collection
C. low-flow faucets D. energy-efficient lighting
Question 34. The word alleviate in paragraph 3 is OPPOSITE in meaning to____.
A. reduce B. soften C. ease D. worsen
Question 35. The word they in paragraph 4 refers to____.
A. sustainable materials B. property values C. green buildings D. construction costs
Question 36. Which of the following best summarizes the main idea of paragraph 4?
A. Sustainable materials and technology have made green buildings affordable for most property owners.
B. Green buildings have higher upfront costs, but their benefits can outweigh these expenses over time.
C. Green buildings attract more environmentally conscious tenants due to their low construction costs.
D. Advanced technology which is used in green buildings reduces the need for property management.
Question 37. Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?
A. Green buildings are designed with energy efficiency and water conservation.
B. Property values are generally lower for green buildings due to high construction costs.
C. Green buildings are less relevant to renewable energy sources and water conservation.
D. Traditional buildings are better suited for environmentally conscious tenants.
Question 38. Which of the following best paraphrases the underlined sentence in paragraph 5?
A. In the long run, the money saved on energy and water can make up for the upfront expenses.
B. Future savings on energy and water cannot help solve the problem of initial costs.
C. Though it costs less at first, the higher utility bills in the long run can balance things out.
D. Savings on energy and water bills for a short time can pay back the early investment.
Question 39. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?
A. As sustainability awareness grows, green buildings may become more common in construction.
B. Sustainable building practices have little impact on environmental protection and construction.
C. Because they are expensive, the construction of green buildings will be abandoned in the future.
D. Most green buildings are designed mainly to reduce costs rather than protect the environment.
Question 40. Which of the following best summarises the passage?
A. Green buildings focus primarily on reducing energy expenses but remain less effective in addressing broader issues like water and resource conservation.
B. Green buildings provide environmental benefits, but the need for constant maintenance and repairs limits their appeal for modern developers.
C. Green buildings minimize environmental impact and, despite high initial costs, offer long-term benefits that pave the way for a sustainable future.
D. Although green buildings lower energy costs, their high construction prices often make them an impractical choice for long-term investment.
Đáp án và Lời giải chi tiết
ĐÁP ÁN THAM KHẢO
1. B | 2. C | 3. B | 4. C | 5. A | 6. D | 7. A | 8. B | 9. C | 10. A
11. B | 12. A | 13. C | 14. A | 15. C | 16. C | 17. D | 18. B | 19. D | 20. B
21. C | 22. A | 23. A | 24. D | 25. B | 26. B | 27. C | 28. C | 29. D | 30. D
31. D | 32. B | 33. D | 34. D | 35. C | 36. B | 37. A | 38. A | 39. A | 40. C
LỜI GIẢI THAM KHẢO CHI TIẾT
Câu 1: B. many
Sau chỗ trống là danh từ đếm được số nhiều: cafés, galleries, museums. Do đó sử dụng many.
A. little dùng với danh từ không đếm được. C. much dùng với danh từ không đếm được. D. few mang nghĩa "rất ít" (tiêu cực), không phù hợp với văn phong quảng cáo.
Câu 2: C. stylish
Trước danh từ architecture cần một tính từ bổ nghĩa. stylish architecture = kiến trúc hợp thời trang, có phong cách.
A. stylishly (trạng từ), B. style (danh từ), D. stylist (người tạo mẫu).
Câu 3: B. formed
Rút gọn mệnh đề quan hệ dạng bị động: a geothermal spa which was formed by volcanic activity → a geothermal spa formed by volcanic activity.
Câu 4: C. breathtaking
Cụm từ cố định: breathtaking views = cảnh đẹp ngoạn mục.
A. bustling = nhộn nhịp. B. terrifying = đáng sợ. D. confusing = gây bối rối.
Câu 5: A. where
Trạng từ quan hệ where thay thế cho từ chỉ nơi chốn (a destination).
Câu 6: D. set off
Cụm động từ set off for somewhere = khởi hành đi đâu.
A. take over = tiếp quản. B. break up = chia tay. C. bring about = mang lại, gây ra.
Câu 7: A. Although
Mối quan hệ nhượng bộ giữa 2 vế câu: "Mặc dù trước đây con người tin đại dương là vô tận, nhưng hiện nay...".
Câu 8: B. range
Cụm từ: a vast range of environmental threats = một loạt các mối đe dọa môi trường.
Câu 9: C. in
Cụm từ cố định: in the open ocean = ở ngoài khơi xa.
Câu 10: A. global seafood market
Trật tự cụm danh từ: global seafood market = thị trường hải sản toàn cầu.
Câu 11: B. excessive
excessive fishing = việc đánh bắt cá quá mức.
A. dominant = áp đảo. C. profound = sâu sắc. D. temporary = tạm thời.
Câu 12: A. remain
Cấu trúc liên động từ: remain + adjective (giữ vững trạng thái). oceans remain valuable = đại dương vẫn duy trì giá trị.
Câu 13: C. b - c - a
Trật tự hội thoại hợp lý:
b. Kate phàn nàn về chiếc váy bị bẩn.
c. Mẹ ngạc nhiên vì vừa mới giặt xong.
a. Kate chỉ ra vết bẩn cụ thể vẫn còn trên váy.
Câu 14: A. c - d - a - e - b
Mạch tư duy logic của đoạn văn:
c. Định nghĩa khái niệm Greenwashing.
d. Đưa ra ví dụ minh họa.
a. Giải thích tác động tiêu cực gây hiểu lầm cho người tiêu dùng.
e. Hệ quả là làm giảm niềm tin vào doanh nghiệp.
b. Đưa ra giải pháp khắc phục.
Câu 15: C. c - d - a - e - b
Cấu trúc một thư giới thiệu chuẩn:
c. Nêu mục đích viết thư giới thiệu.
d. Nêu mối quan hệ và thời gian làm việc chung.
a. Kể chi tiết các phẩm chất, hoạt động nổi bật.
e. Đánh giá tổng quan về tính phù hợp của ứng viên.
b. Lời chào kết và cung cấp thông tin liên hệ.
Câu 16: C. d - c - e - b - a
Trật tự hội thoại logic:
d. Emma nêu chủ đề vai trò truyền thông đại chúng.
c. Jack đồng ý và đưa ra lí do.
e. Emma phản biện về tính chính xác của thông tin lan truyền quá nhanh.
b. Jack đồng ý cần cẩn trọng và kiểm tra nguồn tin.
a. Emma chốt lại tầm quan trọng của việc sử dụng truyền thông thông minh.
Câu 17: D. a - e - d - b - c
Trật tự văn bản quảng bá:
a. Đặt vấn đề về tầm quan trọng của việc bảo tồn môi trường sống.
e. Giới thiệu tổ chức Habitat Earth và mục tiêu hoạt động.
d. Chi tiết hoạt động cứu hộ động vật bị ảnh hưởng đô thị hóa.
b. Định hướng giáo dục thế hệ trẻ.
c. Lời kêu gọi mọi người tham gia ủng hộ.
Câu 18: B. yet many people rely on advice from friends and family rather than on their own abilities
Mối quan hệ tương phản: Chọn nghề là quyết định quan trọng, tuy nhiên (yet) nhiều người vẫn dựa vào lời khuyên người khác thay vì năng lực bản thân.
Câu 19: D. created one of the most widely-used tests called the Holland Code
Chủ ngữ Psychologist John Holland cần một động từ chính ở thì quá khứ đơn (created) để hoàn chỉnh câu.
Câu 20: B. whereas investigative individuals enjoy solving complex problems
Sử dụng whereas để thể hiện sự đối lập giữa hai nhóm tính cách Realistic và Investigative.
Câu 21: C. These personality differences often influence the types of careers that people choose
Câu tổng kết mối liên hệ giữa sự khác biệt tính cách và sự lựa chọn nghề nghiệp.
Câu 22: A. By recognizing their strengths and interests, people can choose jobs that suit them better
Mệnh đề chỉ phương thức đúng ngữ pháp và sự tương hợp chủ ngữ (people).
Câu 23: A. reputation
popularity (sự phổ biến, độ nổi tiếng) đồng nghĩa với reputation trong ngữ cảnh này.
Câu 24: D. However, these days, the majority of Internet users have likely come across TikTok in some ways.
Câu gốc khẳng định hầu hết người dùng Internet đã từng tương tác với TikTok, tương đương với ý D.
Câu 25: B. TikTok
Đại từ It đầu câu thay thế cho danh từ TikTok ở câu phía trước.
Câu 26: B. limiting
spreading (lan truyền, mở rộng) trái nghĩa với limiting (hạn chế).
Câu 27: C. To offer personal medical diagnoses
Trong đoạn 3 không đề cập việc các chuyên gia đưa ra chẩn đoán y khoa cá nhân trên TikTok.
Câu 28: C. TikTok contributes to promoting social causes such as activism, sustainability, and inclusivity.
Thông tin ở đoạn cuối khẳng định các trào lưu trên TikTok góp phần nâng cao nhận thức về xã hội, môi trường và sự hòa nhập.
Câu 29: D. Paragraph 3
Thuật toán cá nhân hóa nội dung được nêu ở đoạn 3: "Moreover, TikTok's algorithm helps users discover content tailored to their interests..."
Câu 30: D. Paragraph 4
Đoạn 4 giải thích TikTok giúp nâng cao hiểu biết về các vấn đề xã hội và văn hóa qua tính năng kết nối toàn cầu và thử thách hashtag.
Câu 31: D. integrate
incorporate (tích hợp, kết hợp) = integrate.
Câu 32: B. [III]
Câu chèn giải thích lợi ích của việc sử dụng năng lượng tái tạo, do đó đặt ngay sau câu [II] đề cập đến các nguồn năng lượng tái tạo (solar panels, wind turbines).
Câu 33: D. energy-efficient lighting
energy-efficient lighting là giải pháp tiết kiệm điện, không liên quan đến tiết kiệm nước.
Câu 34: D. worsen
alleviate (làm giảm bớt) trái nghĩa với worsen (làm tồi tệ hơn).
Câu 35: C. green buildings
Đại từ they thay thế cho danh từ số nhiều green buildings ở mệnh đề trước.
Câu 36: B. Green buildings have higher upfront costs, but their benefits can outweigh these expenses over time.
Ý chính đoạn 4: Chi phí xây dựng ban đầu cao nhưng lợi ích lâu dài về tiết kiệm năng lượng và tăng giá trị tài sản sẽ bù đắp được.
Câu 37: A. Green buildings are designed with energy efficiency and water conservation.
Thông tin đúng theo bài đọc: Công trình xanh được thiết kế tập trung vào hiệu quả năng lượng và tiết kiệm nước.
Câu 38: A. In the long run, the money saved on energy and water can make up for the upfront expenses.
Câu gốc nhấn mạnh việc tiết kiệm chi phí lâu dài sẽ bù đắp (offset) chi phí ban đầu.
Câu 39: A. As sustainability awareness grows, green buildings may become more common in construction.
Suy luận từ đoạn cuối: Khi nhận thức về phát triển bền vững tăng lên, xu hướng xây dựng công trình xanh sẽ trở nên phổ biến hơn.
Câu 40: C. Green buildings minimize environmental impact and, despite high initial costs, offer long-term benefits that pave the way for a sustainable future.
Tóm tắt bao quát toàn bộ bài đọc về định nghĩa, ưu điểm, chi phí và lợi ích lâu dài của công trình xanh.